Nurse Scheduling Problem

Nurse scheduling refers to the process of assigning working schedules or programmes to nursing practitioners in their places of work.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nurse Scheduling Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process entails giving different working schedules to a certain number of nursing practitioners who possess varied skills and qualifications, while at the same time conforming to important aspects that needs to be addressed such as personal preferences, existing working practices, rules and regulations, and ethical standards (Coomber Louise, 2007). This, actually, is part of a larger capacity plan that needs a more effective implementation to ensure that the nursing role is achieved within various units of health care. Obviously, a well-planned nurse scheduling exercise is likely to satisfy the interests of nurses, thus generating a positive impact upon the services extended to p atients in health care facilities. The many problems associated with the scheduling of nursing practitioners can be observed from vast areas of medical and health care application in both public and private sectors. In fact, these problems are of great concern to human well-being, and for that reason, have attracted the attention of numerous researchers from allover the world. The researchers are eager to develop appropriate systems that can successfully be used to undertake these crucial processes. This paper examines the literature research of nurse scheduling problem along with a general overview of some of the different techniques that have been used to address this complex issue of health care. Nurse scheduling problem is actually a major issue of concern in the health care department, considering its diverse constraints that are likely to affect the quality of nurse responsibilities in hospitals. Nurse scheduling simply entails the short-term timetabling of nurses in their wor k. This timetabling is a very crucial aspect of the health care department, since it ensures that proper and effective nursing care service is provided to patients in health care facilities around the clock (Azaiez Al Sharif, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, the implementation of the entire plan will depend on some key considerations that would include the period of planning, type of shift, soft constraints and hard constraints, work-related constraints, workplace regulations, and categories of knowledge or qualification, among other crucial aspects. As it would be observed, some of the various techniques that have been used to schedule nurses in their work have failed to offer credible results, thus making nurse scheduling one of the biggest challenges in health care matters. Numerous studies have shown the scheduling of nursing practitioners to be a common problem when it comes to the assignment of staff personnel in hospitals and other health care facilities. Long-term and short-term staffing of nurses in modern-day health care units comes with many challenges, possibly because of the many variations in staffing needs or requirements. However, most of these challenges will tend to come as a result of various factors such as imbalances of the nursing responsibilities between different working shifts in a day, and variations in the personal wishes of nursing practitioners and the need to maintain acceptable service levels. Nurse scheduling is not just about ensuring that health care facilities have sufficient number of nursing practitioners, but also that there are enough nurses who possess the desired skill mix on duty around the clock to take care of the patients (Burke et al., 2004). Nurse scheduling problem is mainly about nurse shift and holiday assignment, whereby the nursing professionals have wishes or restrictions that must be recognized and respected. The big problem here, however, is to come up with perfect schedules or programmes that would both fulfill the ultimate goal of health care in a particular setting and respect the diverse constraints of the nursing practitioners within that setting.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nurse Scheduling Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, good nurse scheduling systems must be able to satisfy a number of factors to ensure patient in different health care environments have access to effective and proper health care. Nursing practitioners face both hard constraints and soft constraints in matters regarding scheduling. One common constraint faced by these professionals in their job is that, they cannot be assigned to all the shifts in a day, without being given a break (Louw, Nieuwoudt Vuuren, 2007). Nursing practitioners can also leave for holidays, an d in that case, will not be expected to take duty shifts in the course of that time. Another common constraint here is that, it would not be possible for nurses to take night shifts and day shifts consecutively. In this regard, there is always a need to ensure that all these constraints are taken into consideration when conducting nurse scheduling. In other words, the wishes and preferences of nurses should be maximally satisfied, but not to an extend where they can compromise the quality of health care given to patients. There are various objectives for proper nurse scheduling in any health care facility, and these would include things such as the required skills and available workforce size (Ernst, Jiang Krishnamoorthy, 2004). A wide range of solution approaches have been applied in an attempt to solve the broad issues associated with nurse scheduling. These approaches, however, are grouped into several categories that include automatic approaches, systematic approaches, heuristi c or mathematical approaches, and manual ways, which have been in use across the world for a very long time. The most common techniques drawn from the above approaches that have been used to tackle nurse scheduling problem include GRASP, integral programming, linear programming, heuristic approach, constraint programming and mixed-integer programming.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Manual approaches mostly comprise of the ancient techniques that were used to tackle the issue of nurse scheduling within health care facilities in the past. Unlike the modern techniques that are performed using computer-aided programs and other sophisticated ways, the early techniques mainly relied on manual procedures, such as the use of hand (Refalo, 2004). However, even though these techniques had proved to be useful in the past, they are faced with many challenges when it comes to modern aspects of health care. In other terms, the early techniques cannot effectively address the diverse complexities of nursing demands and interests presented by the current world where everything appears to have taken a different course, owing to the influential impacts of modernity. This explains the reason as to why many health care facilities across the world have decided to settle for computerized scheduling systems, which are more effective and reliable compared to the early techniques. As i t would be observed, the early techniques are associated with a number of advantages and disadvantages. One big advantage of these early is that they are cheap, since their application entails manual operation. However, a common limitation with the approaches is that they cannot be reliable for effective scheduling, since they have a lot of errors. GRASP simply stands for ‘Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures.’ This multi-start process operates in two main phases. First, there is the construction phase, which establishes a feasible answer to a problem, and whose surroundings are studied until a local minima is identified. Then there is the local search phase, which uses the procedure of a local search to the constructed outcome or result in hope of modifying it further. According to Bellanti, Carello Croce (2004), GRASP is arguably one of the most effective heuristic approaches commonly applied to provide better solutions for nurse scheduling problems in the co ntemporary world. There are numerous advantages linked to this approach, and some of these will include guaranteed optimality at the end, easy implementation, and better solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. However, one major limitation associated with the technique is that, it is stuck in a local minima, thus lacking robustness on a wide scope of problem instances. Linear programming is another methodology that has proved to be very effective when it comes to matters of nurse scheduling. This is a mathematical approach applied using computer simulation to establish the best possible solution to nurse scheduling problems. The concept was first introduced in the course of the Second World War, with the aim of optimizing the allocation of material and resources that were critical to the war success. This technique is used to establish optimal solutions to issues that can be expressed with the use of linear equations and inequalities (Harmeier, 1991). In fact, researchers have found the method to be very accurate in finding the best solutions for real world problems such as nurse scheduling. In this case, a linear program would comprise of variables, linear constraints that describe the limit on the values of applied variables, and a linear objective function that shows the impact of each variable to determine the expected results. This approach offers a number of advantages to the vast areas where it is applied. One of the most evident advantages of the approach is that it provides optimum application of the necessary productive factors. The approach also provides for improved qualities of decisions. More importantly, the technique applies sensitivity analysis, which enables people to make modifications on the linear problem to obtain the modified outcome. Apart from the benefits highlighted above, this technique also has a number of limitations on its side. One major problem with the technique is that, it can only be relevant to situations where li near goal functions and limitations apply. Another common drawback of the technique is that, aspects of climate conditions and other doubts are usually not put into consideration, and this is likely to interfere with the outcome credibility. Integer programming is the other technique that has proved effective in tackling the issue of nurse scheduling problem in hospitals. Typically, this approach will express the optimization of a subject of a linear function to various linear constraints. In cases where this approach is applied to solve real world problems such as nurse scheduling, a modeling phase upon which the problem is translated into a mathematical concept will be required. One major advantage of this technique in solving combinatorial optimization problems is that, the problems can be resolved to optimal results within a reasonable period of time. This technique has proved to be sufficiently flexible in addressing nurse rostering demands within health care units, and for tha t reason, it is widely applied in hospitals across the world to ensure that nurse timetables are tailored to fit their personal interests, without having to compromise the quality of care targeted on patients (Okada, 1992). Just like other techniques used in research based on combinatorial optimization problems, integer programming is also associated with a number of advantages and disadvantages. One common advantage of the approach is the absence of rounding errors. This particular aspect plays a significant role in improving the credibility of outcomes in research. More importantly, it makes comparison of figures or numbers simple and more reliable. In terms of the limitations, the technique has a limited value range, which is arguably one of the biggest disadvantages associated with it. As it has been shown in this research paper, nurse scheduling problem is a crucial and complex practice that calls for a lot of attention from hospital managers and other service facilitators in t he health care department. The wide scope of literature about this particular matter is a real manifestation of the big concern of humans in matters of health, particularly the ones that are affiliated to nursing responsibilities in health care facilities. It is also evident from this research paper that, even though early techniques of tackling nurse scheduling are no longer effective, there is much hope in the computer-aided approaches and other sophisticated systems that are used in the modern day. However, based on findings from previous literature, there is room for further studies to address the complex issue of nurse scheduling problems. References Azaiez, M., Al Sharif, S. (2005). A 0-1 goal-programming model for nurse scheduling. Computers Operations Research, 32(3), 491-507. http://www.pom.ir/wp-content/uploads/PDF/goal%20programming%20model%20for%20nurse%20scheduling.pdf Bellanti, G., Carello, F., Croce, R. (2004). A greedy-based neighborhood search approach to a nurse rostering problem. European Journal of Operational  Research, 153(15), 28-40. Burke, K., De Causmaecker, G., Vanden Berghe, H. Landeghem, V. (2004). The state of the art of nurse rostering. Journal of Scheduling, 7(15), 441-499. Coomber, B., Louise, B. (2007). Impact of job satisfaction components on intent to leave and turnover for hospital-based nurses: a review of the research literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(2), 297-314. http://www. journalofnursingstudies.com/article/S0020-7489%2806%2900066-6/abstract Ernst, A., Jiang, H., and Krishnamoorthy, M. (2004). Staff scheduling and rostering: A review of applications, methods and models. European Journal of Operational  Research, 153(1), 3-27.http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article /pii/ S037722170300095X Harmeier, P. E. (1991). Linear Programming for Optimization of Nurse Scheduling. Computers in Nursing, 9(4), 149-151. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 21245916_Linear_Programming_for_opti mization_of_nurse_scheduling Louw, M., Nieuwoudt, J. Vuuren, V. (2007). Finding good nursing duty schedules: A case study. Journal of Scheduling, 10(7), 387-405.http://link.springer. com/ article/10.1007%2Fs10951-007-0035-7 Okada, M. (1992). An Approach to the Generalized Nurse Scheduling Problem- Generation of a Declarative Program to Represent Institution-Specific Knowledge. Computers and Biomedical Research, 25(5), 417- 434.http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ycbmr/article/0010-4809%2892%2990002-R/abstract Refalo, P. (2004). Impact based strategies for constraint programming. CP2004, 11(7), 557-571. http://www.crt.umontreal.ca/~pesant/BIRS/pesant-IBS.pdf This research paper on Nurse Scheduling Problem was written and submitted by user Dayton Ortiz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Russian national Culture Essay Example

Russian national Culture Essay Example Russian national Culture Paper Russian national Culture Paper Critically analyse the academic literature on a national culture of your choice from the ones studied, described and mapped by Hofstede, and Hofstede Bond.  Using their views plus those of Trompenaars and other researchers, indicate the likely implications and potential pitfalls for an Anglo-Saxon manager working with people from this national culture.  Ã‚  The Countries chosen to examine in terms of cultural differences are Russian Federation (Russia) and United Kingdom (UK). Since management of the companies in Russia has been established during the years of Soviet era, the organizations are supervised and operated in different ways in Russia and Anglo-Saxon countries, UK in particular. Among numerous reasons, one of the major constraints is difference in national cultures. Trompenaars (Trompenaars, 1995:6) describes culture as: the way in which a group of people solves problems. Hofstede (1984: 21) expands that definition to: the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from the other. Moreover, Goodenough (in: Wardhaugh, 1993:217) adds, that: a societys culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves. Therefore, the ability to accomplish cultural analysis enables international managers, to forecast future behaviour of the members of the company in routine situations and, as a result, eliminate potential constraints. Additionally, according to Mendenhall et al. (1995), the one of the most difficult tasks of any international manager is to motivate and lead people from cultural backgrounds different from their own. In consequence, if international managers attempt to operate and coordinate the organization too differently from cultural norms, there is a danger of being rejected by the employees, resulting in lack of motivation. On the other hand, absolute adherence towards the accepted norms could negatively impact performance of the company. Hence, the understanding of the difference of cultural values between two countries enables to identify the potential problems faced by the UK manager operating in Russian national culture. The numbers of theorists have tried to describe and analyze cultural management concepts including Geert Hofstede, Michael Bond, Charles Hampden-Turner, Fons Trompenaars, Henry Lane, Martha Maznevski and Joseph DiStefano. Hofstede (1993) believed that there is no such thing as universal method of administration or universal theory to operate organization successfully, as management could not be isolated from the events in the society. Therefore there is direct correlation of management tendencies with family, school, politics, government, science beliefs and religion. Hofstede (1993) has developed the concept of interdependence between management and national culture by set of cultural dimensions which include: Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-term versus Short-term orientation. Power Distance Index (PDI), as stated by Hofstede (1993) refers to: Degree to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. The dimension represents and suggests that a societys level of inequality is authorized by the followers as much as by the leaders. Individualism (IDV) however is described by Hofstede (1993) as: The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. Individualist societies have loose ties among community, in contrast to collectivists, with strong bonds. Hofstede (1993) defines another dimension, Masculinity (MAS), as: Distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found as there is a significant gap between mens values and womens values. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) according to Hofstede (1993): Deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity and indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Uncertainty avoiding cultures attempt to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules. However, uncertainty accepting cultures are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to with as few rules. Finally, Long-Term Orientation (LTO) which has been identified with Bond (1988) refers to thrift, modernisation and perseverance versus respect for tradition and fulfilling social obligations. However, Bond and Hofstede have not analysed Russian Federation in terms of fifth dimension, therefore LTO is not relevant for the assignment. Hofstede theory has been one of the most wide spread among culture research hypothesises. Consistent with Hoecklin (1996): This framework is especially useful for understanding peoples conceptions of an organization, the mechanisms that are considered appropriate in controlling and coordinating the activities within it, and the roles and relations of its members. Therefore five dimensions structure could be used directly with many everyday management encounters in terms of culture associated complexities. Although the Hofstede Model of Cultural Dimensions could aid significantly in analysis of countrys culture, there are a few limitations to be considered. Firstly, Ess (2003) argues that: Hofstede seems to assume that culture is synonymous with national identities, thus ignoring internal ethnic, linguistic diversities and individuals. Such diversities increasingly shift and change, especially as the processes of immigration and globalization lead to new third identities that represent complex and shifting hybridizations of earlier cultural patterns. Therefore, country culture changes over time, which is not represented in the theory of Hofstede. Moreover, the nation does not equivalent to individuals of that country. Although Hofstede does represent general tendencies, not all individuals or subcultures fit into the representation provided. Consequently, five dimensions should be considered as a guideline, not proved axiom. Secondly, Hofstede (1991) recognized that: the scope of measures was restricted by the data available, which was originally collected for a different purpose. Moreover, Ess (2003) states, that: Work (Hofstede) relies on interviews with IBM employees in the 1960s and 1970s, thus raising serious questions about extending any of Hofstedes findings to national cultures. Hence, the outcome of the survey could be not only limited, but relatively irrelevant. Additionally, in group-oriented cultures, individuals could answer questions of surveys on behalf of the group belonged. Finally, Taylor (2000: p 69) suggests that: Having only five or six dimensions for the analysis of culture seems like attempting brain surgery with a bulldozer. Thus the effort to reduce the complexities of culture and ease the understanding to five or six dimensions has risk of oversimplification and stereotyping.

Research Method - Feasibility Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Method - Feasibility Study - Essay Example As one of the most common mental health disorders, it is important for nursing staff to have a good understanding of bipolar disorder and how it affects the patient and their health. The most common pharmacological treatment for bipolar disorder is lithium salts, used as a mood stabilizer (Peacock, 2000). However, one of the most common side effects of taking lithium is that it increases appetite and thirst, and thus can cause significant weight gain in some patients. Some patients therefore request medication for their bipolar disorder that is not linked to weight gain, and thus the following PICO question (Chiappelli, 2010) was formatted: P – patients with bipolar disorder worried about weight gain I – other medication used in the treatment of bipolar disorder that are not associated with weight gain C – weight gain using lithium salts for bipolar disorder treatment O – control psychiatric symptoms whilst reducing the likelihood of weight gain The purpos e of this investigation is to search the existing literature on bipolar disorder and various medications to see if there are any that can be used to reduce mania, depression and weight gain. Discussion The literature chosen for this topic was found using the databases MEDLINE and OVID, two well-respected databases providing access to detailed and current nursing information. To complete the search, the search terms ‘bipolar disorder AND treatment AND weight gain’ were chosen, because this returned results providing the information necessary to complete the task. The search returned 6642 results, ordered by relevance. The five articles chosen were selected because they each discussed how a type of medication used for the treatment of bipolar disorder (not lithium salt based) affected patient weight and their symptoms of the disorder. As the search results were ordered by relevance, so results at the top were assumed to be the best for the research of weight gain and bipo lar disorder, although it would be impossible to brose 6642 results to ascertain whether this was the case. A search using ‘bipolar disorder AND medication AND weight gain’ was also conducted but the results from this search were not used because it returned many more results (over 10,000) and the returned results seemed to be irrelevant or all secondary sources. It seems that it would be extremely possible to complete a dissertation on this topic. The fact that 6642 results were returned from these two databases suggests that there is existing research on the topic that can be used to answer the PICO question in detail. It also suggests that the topic is of interest to those working in clinical situations, and that the weight gain aspect of lithium salts is bothering to many patients. The five articles suggested each describe a different type of treatment and how they can be used for bipolar disorder and how they affect the metabolism and weight changes within the body , and there were many more describing different treatments that may possibly be equally effective in treating bipolar disorder but avoid weight gain issues. The fact that there were so many resources in the literature also means that information can be found easily and used to the advantage of a dissertation. There were issues when conducting the search. There do not seem to be comparisons within the literature between lithium salts and the other types of medication suggested